教育全球化背景下,从中美学校图书馆看两国教育差异

从教育全球化背景出发,着眼于中美学校图书馆在发展现状、馆员职业准入资格、馆员素质之间存在的重大差异,对中美两国在教育理念之间的差异入手,对图书馆的产生、发展和教育之间的关系进行深入分析,进一步讨论在全球化背景和信息时代中小学图书馆如何配合我国的素质教育发展进行改革。     

Predicting non‐native fish dispersal under conditions of climate change: case study in England of dispersal and establishment of pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus in a floodplain pond

Predictions of future climate change include shifts in patterns of precipitation, evapotranspiration and water run‐off, resulting in increased periods of drought as well as variability and intensity of rainfall events. In the United Kingdom, the non‐native North American sunfish, pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus (L.), is expected to benefit from these changes. We examine how hydrological variability induced by predicted changes in climate will affect the dispersal and spread of pumpkinseed in England by: (i) determining the relationship between discharge regime and pumpkinseed propagule pressure; (ii) examining a newly‐established pumpkinseed population following a flood event in 2007; and (iii) comparing the growth and life‐history traits of this new population with fish collected from the source population to demonstrate how the pumpkinseed's life‐history plasticity contributes to its success as a coloniser. Using Bayesian modelling, we determined that the number of pumpkinseed escapees is likely to increase with increasing discharge. The newly‐established pumpkinseed population showed fast juvenile growth, early age at maturity and small size at maturity. These traits differed significantly from the source population, specifically total length (TL) means at ages 1 and 2 were significantly greater in the new population, whereas TL at age 4 was significantly greater in the source population, and a significantly higher proportion of mature females were found at smaller size classes in the newly established pumpkinseed population. This study demonstrates the potential link between hydrological variability (current and future) and the dispersal of non‐native pumpkinseed, leading to the establishment of new populations.     

Nitrate and bromide contents of glasshouse radish as affected by soil content and global radiation

Abstract

Samples (208) of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) foliage and root were collected from commercial glasshouses. Simultaneously corresponding soil samples were taken. Both plant and soil samples were analysed for nitrate and bromide.

The nitrate contents of foliage and root are affected by global radiation and by nitrate content of the soil. An interaction between the two factors was found; It indicated that soil nitrate content had a considerable effect in summer, but much less so in winter under poor light conditions, when the level of nitrate in the crop is high regardless of the nitrogen status of the soil. To study the effect of radiation on nitrate content of radish in summer it was found best to consider the cumulative amount of radiation during 10 days before harvest; in winter, a period of 20–30 days was more suitable.

The bromide content of foliage and root (highest values being resp. 390 and 73 mg Br per kg fresh product) was correlated with the concentration of bromide in the 1:2 volume soil extract. An increase of 1 mmol NO₃ per 1 soil extract lowered the Br content of fresh radish roots by 5.8 mg Br per kg.     

Monitoring distances travelled by horses using GPS tracking collars

Objective The aims of this work were to (1) develop a low-cost equine movement tracking collar based on readily available components, (2) conduct preliminary studies assessing the effects of both paddock size and internal fence design on the movements of domestic horses, with and without foals at foot, and (3) describe distances moved by mares and their foals. Additional monitoring of free-ranging feral horses was conducted to allow preliminary comparisons with the movement of confined domestic horses. Procedures A lightweight global positioning system (GPS) data logger modified from a personal/vehicle tracker and mounted on a collar was used to monitor the movement of domestic horses in a range of paddock sizes and internal fence designs for 6.5-day periods. Results In the paddocks used (0.8–16 ha), groups of domestic horses exhibited a logarithmic response in mean daily distance travelled as a function of increasing paddock size, tending asymptotically towards approximately 7.5 km/day. The distance moved by newborn foals was similar to their dams, with total distance travelled also dependent on paddock size. Without altering available paddock area, paddock design, with the exception of a spiral design, did not significantly affect mean daily distance travelled. Feral horses (17.9 km/day) travelled substantially greater mean daily distances than domestic horses (7.2 km/day in 16-ha paddock), even when allowing for larger paddock size. Conclusions Horses kept in stables or small yards and paddocks are quite sedentary in comparison with their feral relatives. For a given paddock area, most designs did not significantly affect mean daily distance travelled.     

一类半线性变系数抛物型方程的二阶差分格式

本文对一类半线性变系数抛物型方程初边值问题建立了一个二阶差分格式,证明了差分格式解的存在唯一性、关于初值的无条件稳定性和在L∞范数下阶数为O(2τ+h2)的收敛性,最后给出的数值算例验证了理论结果。     

略论朱熹“敬论”

朱熹“敬论”既继承了程颐主敬说，而又有全面的理论整合及发挥，是其整个理学思想的重要一环。朱熹由其“心是做功夫处”的心论立场出发，极力反对在心的操舍存亡的功夫论问题上预设“另有心之本体”的前提，与此相应，其主敬功夫也就不是道德本心的直接发动，而是对心的知觉意识等各种功能的控制调整，其云“敬只是此心自做主宰处”、“以敬为主而心自存”、“将个敬字收敛个身心”、都是在这个意义上说的。然朱熹主敬自有一套理路，其核心关怀在于如何解决现实人心的障蔽问题，未尝不是儒学功夫论的一种理论形态。     

用经验径流系数推算全球径流深度分布场

通过回顾110 a的全球径流量估算历史,以中国为样本区域,通过求算样本区域的径流系数,利用最小二乘法回归得出了径流系数经验公式。基于径流系数经验公式和高分辨率降水深度图,利用地理信息系统绘制了全球水资源的高分辨率空间分布场,计算得出全球（不含南极洲）径流量为47 884 km^3,平均径流深度为359 mm;内流区径流量为1 663 km^3,平均径流深度为58.4 mm。将31个内流区径流量的计算结果与有关文献进行比较,发现下垫面蒸发和人类利用耗散对地下径流及地下水增量变化在水资源核算中的重要性,计算得出的内流区径流量与实际值较为接近。     

双季优质稻产量和品质形成对开放式主动增温的响应

目的 水稻是我国最重要的口粮作物。明确气候变暖对双季优质稻产量和稻米品质的影响对我国粮食安全至关重要。方法 采用稻田开放式远红外主动增温系统,早稻以金早47(常规籼稻)、两优287(杂交籼稻),晚稻以象牙香珍(常规籼稻)、万象优华占(杂交籼稻)和甬优5550(杂交粳稻)为材料,设置全生育期增温和全生育期不增温2个处理,分别测定双季优质稻的产量、产量构成和稻米品质。结果 与不增温相比,全生育期増温(1.3℃ ~1.6℃)对早晚籼稻产量影响不显著,但晚粳稻产量显著下降,降幅为10.2%,主要是因为其每穗粒数下降。全生育期增温降低了早晚稻株高;早稻生育期缩短了3~4 d,而晚稻生育期无明显变化。全生育期增温下,双季优质稻米垩白粒率和垩白度显著增加,早稻两优287出糙率和整精米率及晚粳甬优5550整精米率显著提高;同时,晚稻蛋白质含量提高,但晚粳直链淀粉含量降低,而早稻蛋白质和直链淀粉含量无明显变化;此外,稻米RVA谱特征值因季别和品种而异。结论 全生育期增温对优质晚粳稻产量影响大于籼稻,不利于外观品质的保优,但有利于改善优质稻米加工品质,对晚稻营养品质和食味品质的影响也大于早稻。     

基于农户调查的长江中游地区双季稻生产碳足迹及其构成

目的 长江中游地区是我国双季稻主产区,系统分析双季稻生产碳足迹构成对于该地区农业的固碳减排和发展低碳农业具有重要的意义。方法 基于农业碳足迹理论及生命周期评价法,采用问卷调查方式定量研究长江中游地区双季稻生产碳足迹,分析其构成因素,解析长江中游地区双季稻生产肥料、灌溉投入以及碳足迹与水稻产量的关系。【内容】长江中游地区双季稻单位产量、单位生物量、单位产值碳足迹分别为0.67 kg/kg、0.35 kg/kg和0.27 kg/元,随着产量的增加呈现显著降低的趋势。CH₄排放、柴油、肥料为长江中游地区双季稻生产碳排放主要来源,分别占双季稻生产碳足迹的66.2%、13.1%和10.9%。早稻和晚稻生产分别有22.4%和36.7%的地块氮肥投入过量,28.4%和33.5%的地块灌溉投入过量且产量较低,存在着较大的节能减排潜力。种植规模与碳足迹呈现显著负相关关系。与小规模双季稻种植相比,大规模早稻和晚稻种植单位产量碳足迹分别降低了29.7%和37.2%。这项研究表明,作物生产的碳足迹可能受到农场规模、气候条件以及作物管理实践的影响。结论 因此,适当减少双季稻种植面积并发展水稻节肥节水及免耕技术,构建规模化的低碳种植模式必将成为未来长江流域双季稻生产应对气候变化发展低碳农业的重要举措。